*************************************************************************** * * * GAP 4.6 INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS * * * *************************************************************************** 1 Installation Overview 2 Get the Archives 3 Unpacking 4 Compilation 5 Configure options 6 Test of the installation 7 Packages 8 Finish Installation and Cleanup 9 The Documentation 10 If Things Go Wrong 11 Known Problems of the Configure Process 12 Optimisation and Compiler Options 13 GAP for Mac OS X 14 Expert Windows Installation *************************************************************************** These are the installation instructions for the traditional GAP distribution on UNIX (which includes the popular variant Linux), on Apple computers under Mac OS X, and on Windows. Alternative installation methods which aim to simplify the installation mostly by offering precompiled binaries are: * the rsync binary distribution for Linux; * BOB - a tool to download and build GAP and its packages from source; * GAP installer for Windows. They may be more suitable for many users and are explained on the GAP website http://www.gap-system.org. *************************************************************************** 1 Installation Overview ======================= The "traditional" GAP distribution is designed to be installed in a similar way on a wide range of operating systems and to allow for considerable customisation of the installation to meet specific system needs. As a result, it may differ from what you would expect under your particular operating system. In particular, it does not include an automatic installer program. Installing the GAP distribution with all the packages and full data libraries takes about 1.2 GB of disk space and (except on Windows) will require a C compiler (gcc is recommended) to be installed on your system. To get maximum benefit from GAP and from various packages it may be useful to install a number of other free software libraries (and their associated development tools) although they are not required for basic operation. See http://www.gap-system.org/Download/tools.html for more details. The installation consists of 5 easy steps: * Get the archive suitable for your system * Unpack the archive in the directory where you wish to install GAP If you are reading this file as part of a GAP installation, you have probably already done this. * Compile the kernel (unless a binary has been provided already) * Test the installation * Compile the packages that include C code (some of them will only work under Unix and Mac OS X). Installation will always install the full version of GAP. If you are worried about losing the old version, you can keep an existing installation of GAP in another directory, it will not be overwritten. Make sure, however, to adjust any links or scripts so that you run the latest version. Section "The Documentation" below contains information about the manual, where to find and how to print it. Section "If Things Go Wrong" below lists common problems with the installation. 2 Get the Archive ================= You can get archives for the GAP distribution from the GAP website http://www.gap-system.org. As different operating systems use different archive formats, GAP is available in a variety of archives. These archives slightly differ in the treatment of text or binary files. If you get the wrong archive you might get error messages during compilation or not be able to look at text files in an editor. If you use Unix or Mac OS X, you can use the .tar.gz, .tar.bz2 or .zip archives. If you use Windows, then use the -win.zip archive. You need to download the installation archive gap4r6p_ of the right kind, according to your operating system. The is updated whenever there is a change to the GAP system or any package. 3 Unpacking =========== The exact method of unpacking will vary slightly, depending on the operating system and the type of archive used. * Unix, Mac OS X Under Unix or Mac OS X unpack the archive gap4r6p_ in whatever place you want GAP to reside. (If you unpack the archive as root user under UNIX, make sure that you issue the command umask 022 before, to ensure that users will have permissions to read the files.) * Windows The archive must be extracted to the main directory of the C: drive. (If you do not have permissions or sufficient free space to create directories there, see the section "Expert Windows Installation" below). To use the -win.zip archive you will need an appropriate extractor. Make sure that you specify extraction to the C:\ folder (with no extra directory name -- the directory 'gap4r6' is part of the archive) to avoid extraction in a wrong place or in a separate directory. After extraction you can start GAP with one of the following files: C:\GAP4r6\bin\gap.bat C:\GAP4r6\bin\gaprxvt.bat C:\GAP4r6\bin\gapcmd.bat The most highly recommended shell to run GAP is 'mintty' started using gap.bat. It allows for convenient copying and pasting (e.g. using mouse) and flexible customisation. Using its "Options" menu, accessible by the right-click on the pictogram in its top left corner, you may adjust the font and colour scheme as you prefer. Note that gap.bat will open two windows - one actually running GAP and one auxiliary, which may be minimised but should not be closed (otherwise your GAP session will be terminated). 4 Compilation ============= For the Windows version the unpacking process will already have put binaries in place. Under Unix and Mac OS X you will have to compile such a binary yourself. (Mac OS X users please see section "GAP for Mac OS X" below for information about compilation) Change to the directory 'gap4r6' (which you just created by unpacking). To get started quickly you may simply build GAP with default settings by issuing the two commands ./configure make Both will produce a lot of text output. You should end up with a shell script bin/gap.sh(*) which you can use to start GAP. If you want, you can copy this script later to a directory that is listed in your search path. (* In fact, what is produced is a script called bin/gap-.sh, where is a name which you specify or a default string, and bin/gap.sh is a link to that script. See the section about Configure options, below.) Mac OS X users please note that this script must be started from within the Terminal Application. It is not possible to start GAP by clicking this script. If you get strange error messages from these commands, make sure that you got the Unix version of GAP (i.e. not the -win.zip format archive) and that you extracted the archive on the same machine on which you compile. See also the section "Known Problems of the Configure Process" below. 5 Configure options =================== There are several options to the build process which you can specify at the configure step. The following paragraphs describe these options; a brief description of each is also available via ./configure --help * GMP By default, GAP 4.6 uses the external library GMP (see http://www.gmplib.org) for large integer arithmetic, replacing the built-in code used in previous versions and achieving a significant speed-up in related computations. There is a version of GMP included with the GAP archive you downloaded and this will be used unless otherwise requested. You can configure GMP use as follows: ./configure --with-gmp=yes|no|system|"path" If the argument you supply is yes, then the version of GMP bundled with this GAP will be used. This is the default. If the argument is system you are telling GAP that the GMP library is reachable with the standard search path, under /usr or /usr/local. You may instead give the complete path to a directory which contains the library. If the argument is no, original GAP large integer functionality will be used instead of GMP. Note that --with-gmp is equivalent to --with-gmp=yes and --without-gmp is equivalent to --with-gmp=no. * Readline GAP now also uses the external library Readline (see http://www.gnu.org/software/readline) for better command-line editing. GAP will use this library by default if it is available on your system. You can configure Readline use as follows: ./configure --with-readline=yes|no|"path" If the argument you supply is yes, then GAP will look in standard locations for a Readline installed on your system. Or you can specify a path to a Readline installation. If the supplied argument is no then readline support will not be used. Note that --with-readline is equivalent to --with-readline=yes and --without-readline is equivalent to --with-readline=no. There is an annoying bug in the readline library on Mac OS X which makes pasting text very slow. This can delay be ended by pressing a key (e.g. space) during the paste, or you may prefer to build GAP without readline to avoid this issue entirely. * Build mode GAP will attempt to build in 32-bit mode on 32-bit machines and in 64-bit mode on 64-bit machines. On a 64-bit machine, you can tell GAP to build in 32-bit instead, if you wish. In that case, GMP will also be built in 32-bit mode. You can configure the build mode as follows: ./configure ABI=32|64 The value of the argument determines the build mode GAP will attempt to use. Note that building in 64-bit mode on a 32-bit architecture is not supported. It is possible (on a 64-bit machine) to have builds in both 32- and 64-bit modes 'side by side'. To do this you could unpack your GAP archive and then do: ./configure ABI=64 make ./configure ABI=32 make This will create both scripts bin/gap-default32.sh and bin/gap-default64.sh (or alternative names if you use the CONFIGNAME variable as below) and these can be called directly to choose the version you want. The link bin/gap.sh will point to the most recent of these. The configure step creates the Makefile, needed for the make command. You should not need to provide any arguments to 'make' in order to build GAP. * Configuration name In order to facilitate having several builds of GAP side-by-side, perhaps in the case that you have both 32 and 64-bit builds or for other different combinations of configuration options, the configure process allows you to choose a configuration name as follows: ./configure CONFIGNAME="name" where "name" is a string of your choice. Examples might include "withGMP32", "withGMP64", etc., but any name which is meaningful to you is fine. If you do not specify CONFIGNAME, then it defaults to "defaultXX" where XX is 32 or 64, according to the (specified or detected) value of ABI. The configure options just described may be combined as you like or omitted. 6 Test of the installation ========================== You are now at a point where you can start GAP for the first time. Unix and Mac OS X users should type ./bin/gap.sh Windows users should start GAP with the batch file C:\GAP4r6\bin\gap.bat GAP should start up with its banner and after a little while give you a command prompt gap> Try a few commands to see if the compilation succeeded. gap> 2 * 3 + 4; 10 gap> Factorial( 30 ); 265252859812191058636308480000000 gap> m11 := Group((1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11),(3,7,11,8)(4,10,5,6));; gap> Size( m11 ); 7920 gap> Length( ConjugacyClasses( m11 ) ); 10 gap> Factors( 10^42 + 1 ); [ 29, 101, 281, 9901, 226549, 121499449, 4458192223320340849 ] If you get the error message "hmm, I cannot find lib/init.g" you are likely to have installed only the binary (or on Windows have not installed GAP in the root directory of the C: drive). If GAP starts but you get error messages for the commands you issued, the files in the lib directory are likely to be corrupt or incomplete. Make sure that you used the proper archive and that extraction proceeded without errors. Especially try the command line editing and history facilities, because they are probably the most machine dependent feature of GAP. Enter a few commands and then make sure that Ctrl-P redisplays the last command, that Ctrl-E moves the cursor to the end of the line, that Ctrl-B moves the cursor back one character, and that Ctrl-D deletes single characters. So, after entering the above commands, typing Ctrl-P Ctrl-E Ctrl-B Ctrl-B Ctrl-B Ctrl-B Ctrl-D 2 Return should give the following lines: gap> Factors( 10^42 + 2 ); [ 2, 3, 433, 953, 128400049, 3145594690908701990242740067 ] If you want to run a quick test of your GAP installation (though this is not required), you can read in a test script that exercises some GAP's capabilities. The test requires about 512 MB of memory and runs about one minute on an Intel Core 2 Duo / 2.53 GHz machine. You will get a large number of lines with output about the progress of the tests. gap> Read( Filename( DirectoriesLibrary( "tst" ), "testinstall.g" ) ); test file GAP4stones time(msec) ------------------------------------------- testing: ................/gap4r6/tst/zlattice.tst zlattice.tst 0 0 testing: ................/gap4r6/tst/gaussian.tst gaussian.tst 0 10 [ further lines deleted ] If you want to run a more advanced check (this is not required and may take up to an hour), you can read testall.g which is an extended test script performing all tests from the tst directory. gap> Read( Filename( DirectoriesLibrary( "tst" ), "testall.g" ) ); The test requires about 512 MB of memory and runs about one hour on an Intel Core 2 Duo / 2.53 GHz machine, and produces an output similar to the testinstall.g test. Windows users should note that the Command Prompt user interface provided by Microsoft might not offer history scrolling or cut and paste with the mouse. To get a better environment, use scripts gap.bat or gaprxvt.bat to start GAP instead of gapcmd.bat. 7 Packages ========== The GAP distribution already contains all the GAP packages which we redistribute in the gap4r6/pkg directory, and for packages that consist only of GAP code no further installation is necessary. Some packages however contain external binaries that will require separate compilation. (If you use Windows you may not be able to use external binaries anyhow, except for those packages whose binaries for Windows are included in their distribution, so you may skip the rest of this section.) You can skip this compilation now and do it later -- GAP will work fine, but the capabilities of the affected packages won't be available. In general, each package contains a README file that contains information about the package and the necessary installation. Typically the installation for a package consists of changing to the packages directory and issuing the commands ./configure ../..; make in the packages directory. (This has to be done separately for every package). If you download and run in the 'pkg' directory one of the shell scripts http://www.gap-system.org/Download/InstPackages.sh for the 64-bit GAP installation or http://www.gap-system.org/Download/InstPackages32.sh for the 32-bit GAP installation, it will compile most of the packages that require compilation on UNIX systems (including Linux and Mac OS X) with sufficiently many libraries, headers and tools available. You may just try to run the script or to cut and paste it line by line. If something doesn't work on your system, please, refer to the README file provided with the corresponding package. If you have problems with package installations please contact the package authors as listed in the packages README file. 8 Finish Installation and Cleanup ================================= Congratulations, your installation is finished. Once the installation is complete, we would like to ask you to send us a short note to support@gap-system.org, telling us about the installation. (This is just a courtesy; we like to know how many people are using GAP and get feedback regarding difficulties (hopefully none) that users may have had with installation.) We also suggest that you subscribe to our GAP Forum mailing list; see the GAP web pages for details. Whenever there is a bug fix or new release of GAP this is where it is announced. The GAP Forum also deals with user questions of a general nature; bug reports and other problems you have while installing and/or using GAP should be sent to support@gap-system.org. If you are new to GAP, you might want to read through the following two sections for information about the documentation. 9 The Documentation ==================== The GAP documentation is distributed in various "books". The standard distribution contains two of them. GAP packages (see Chapter "GAP Packages" of the GAP Reference manual and, in particular, the Section "Loading a GAP Package") provide their own documentation in their own doc directories. All documentation will be available automatically within every GAP session (see Section "Help" of the GAP Tutorial and Chapter "The Help System" in the GAP Reference manual). There also is (if installed) an HTML version of some books that can be viewed with an HTML browser, see Section "Changing the Help Viewer" of the GAP Reference manual. Some of these use unicode characters for mathematical formulae. (Firefox, Konqueror and Safari all support unicode characters.) The manual is also available in pdf format. In the full distribution these files are included in the directory 'gap4r6/doc' in the subdirectories 'tut' (a beginner's tutorial), 'ref' (the reference manual) and 'changes' (changes from earlier versions). If you want to use these manual files with the help system from your GAP session you may check (or make sure) that your system provides some additional software like xpdf (http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/) or acroread (http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html). To complete beginners, we suggest you read (parts of) the tutorial first for an introduction to GAP 4. Then start to use the system with extensive use of the help system (see Section "Help" of the GAP Tutorial and Chapter "The Help System" in the GAP Reference manual). As some of the manuals are quite large, you should not immediately print them. If you start using GAP it can be helpful to print the tutorial (and probably the first chapters of the reference manual). There is no compelling reason to print the whole of the reference manual, better use the help system which provides useful search features. 10 If Things Go Wrong ===================== This section lists a few common problems when installing or running GAP and their remedies. Also see the FAQ list on the GAP web pages at http://www.gap-system.org/Faq/faq.html * GAP starts with a warning "hmm, I cannot find `lib/init.g'" You either started only the binary or did not edit the shell script/batch file to give the correct library path. You must start the binary with the command line option -l where is the path to the GAP home directory (see Section "Command Line Options" of the GAP Reference manual). * When starting, GAP produces error messages about undefined variables. You might have a .gaprc file in your home directory that was intended for GAP 4.4 but is not compatible with GAP 4.6. See section "The gap.ini and gaprc files" in Section "Running GAP" of the GAP Reference manual. * GAP stops with an error message "exceeded the permitted memory". Your job required more memory than is permitted by default (this is a safety feature to avoid single jobs wrecking a multi-user system.) You can type return; to continue, if the error message happens repeatedly it might be better to start the job anew and use the command line option -o to set a higher memory limit. * GAP stops with an error message: "cannot extend the workspace any more". Your calculation exceeded the available memory. Most likely you asked GAP to do something which required more memory than you have (as listing all elements of S_15 for example). You can use the command line option -g (see Section "Command Line Options" of the GAP Reference manual) to display how much memory GAP uses. If this is below what your machine has available extending the workspace is impossible. Start GAP with more memory or use the -a option to pre-allocate initially a large piece of workspace. * GAP is not able to allocate memory above a certain limit In a 32-bit mode GAP is unable to use over 4 GB of memory. In fact, since some address space is needed for system purposes, it is likely that GAP sessions will be limited to 3 GB or even less. Depending on the operating system, it also might be necessary to compile the GAP binary statically (i.e. to include all system libraries) to avoid collisions with system libraries located by default at an address within the workspace. (Under Linux for example, 1 GB is a typical limit.) You can compile a static binary using make static. * Recompilation fails or the new binary crashes. Call make clean and restart the configure / make process completely from scratch. (It is possible that the operating system and/or compiler got upgraded in the meantime and so the existing .o files cannot be used any longer. * A calculation runs into an error "no method found". GAP is not able to execute a certain operation with the given arguments. Besides the possibility of bugs in the library this means two things: Either GAP truly is incapable of coping with this task (the objects might be too complicated for the existing algorithms or there might be no algorithm that can cope with the input). Another possibility is that GAP does not know that the objects have certain nice properties (like being finite) which are required for the available algorithms. See section "ApplicableMethod" and "KnownPropertiesOfObject" of the GAP Reference manual. Problems specific to Windows * The ^-key or "-key cannot be entered. This is a problem if you are running a keyboard driver for some non-english languages. These drivers catch the ^ character to produce the French circumflex accent and do not pass it properly to GAP. No fix is known. (One can type POW(a,b) for a^b.) * Cut and Paste does not work You might want to try different shells, starting each of the three .bat files in the 'bin' directory: gap.bat. gaprxvt.bat and gapcmd.bat. Also, http://www.gap-system.org/Faq/faq.html#4 might give a remedy. * GAP does not work in the remote desktop GAP can not be started in the Windows Command Prompt shell (via gapcmd.bat) in the remote desktop. To start GAP in the remote desktop, use scripts gap.bat or gaprxvt.bat which should work in such setting. * You get an error message about the cygwin1.dll GAP comes with a version of this dynamic library. If you have another version installed (use "Find"), delete the older one (and probably copy the newer one in both places). If all these remedies fail or you encountered a bug please send a mail to support@gap-system.org. Please give: * a (short, if possible) self-contained excerpt of a GAP session containing both input and output that illustrates your problem (including comments of why you think it is a bug); and * state the type of machine, operating system, (compiler used, if UNIX/Linux) and version of GAP you are using (the line from the GAP banner starting GAP, Version 4.6.... when your GAP 4.6 starts up, supplies the information required). 11 Known Problems of the Configure Process ========================================== The configure script respects compiler settings given in environment variables. However such settings may conflict with the automatic configuration process. If configure produces strange error messages about not being able to run the compiler, check whether environment variables that might affect the compilation (in particular CC, LD, CFLAGS, LDFLAGS and C_INCLUDE_PATH) are set and reset them using unsetenv. 12 Optimization and Compiler Options ==================================== Because of the large variety of different versions of UNIX and different compilers it is possible that the configure process will not chose best possible optimisation level, but you might need to tell make about it. If you want to compile GAP with further compiler options (for example specific processor optimisations) you will have to assign them to the variable COPTS as in the following example when calling make: make COPTS=-option If there are several compiler options or if they contain spaces you might have to enclose them by quotes depending on the shell you are using. The configure process also introduces some default compiler options. (See the Makefile in the bin/ directory for details.) You can eliminate these by assigning the variable CFLAGS (which contains the default options and COPTS) to the desired list of compiler options in the same way as you would assign COPTS. The recommended C compiler for GAP is the GNU C compiler gcc. The clang compiler appears to compile GAP correctly but, just as for gcc, some versions have problems with the GMP library. If you cannot build GAP - with or without GMP - using a particular compiler, you may wish to try another compiler or different version of the same compiler. If you do wish to use another compiler, you should run the command 'make clean' in the GAP root directory, set the environment variable CC to the name of your preferred compiler and then rerun configure and make. You may have to experiment to determine the best values for CFLAGS and/or COPTS as described above. Please let us (support@gap-system.org) know the results of your experiments. 13 GAP for Mac OS X =================== We hope that a binary distribution for some recent version(s) of Mac OS X will be available shortly. In the meantime, since Mac OS X is built on top of a variant of Unix, you should follow the Unix installations to compile GAP; then you will be able to use all features of GAP as well as all packages. However for installation you might need a basic knowledge of Unix. The following are a couple of notes and remarks about this: First, note that you should get the Unix type GAP archives, i.e. one of .zip, .tar.gz or .tar.bz2 archives, but not the -win.zip archive (you won't be able to compile the program as given in the -win.zip archive). Next, you will need a compiler and build tools like "make". These tools are included in the "XCode" app(lication) which is generally not installed by default on a new Mac. You may be able to install this application by running an installer package already on your system (look at the Installer folder under Applications) but if not you can get it from Apple by registering as a developer (see http://developer.apple.com), or by downloading it from the App Store. To compile and run GAP you will have to open the Terminal application and type the necessary Unix commands into its window. The Terminal application can be found in the Utilities folder in the Applications folder. Now simply follow the Unix installation instructions to compile and start GAP and then it will run in this Terminal window. 14 Expert Windows Installation ============================== This section describes how to install GAP in another, non-standard directory under Windows. This task may be slightly complicated due to problems in the design of Windows, so if you have not edited a batch file before you might want to contact your system administrator for help. Alternatively, you may use one of the Windows GAP installers listed on the GAP website http://www.gap-system.org which will adjust all paths in batch files during the installation. WheneverWhether you use a specialised Windows installer or install GAP from the -win.zip archive, we recommend that you avoid paths with spaces, e.g. 'C:\My Programs\gap4r6'. If you need to install GAP on another logical disk, say E:, the easiest way would be just to use 'E:\gap4r6'. If you decide to install GAP in another directory than C: from the -win.zip archive, you will have to edit a batch file and use this file to start GAP. First unpack the GAP distribution in the directory you want. Lets suppose you want GAP to reside in the directory E:\gap4r6 Extract GAP (as described in the previous section for C:) in the root directory of the drive E: (alternatively, you can also first unpack it elsewhere first, and then move it in the desired location.) You now will have to edit the batch file(s) provided, which is used to start GAP. This batch file is mainly needed so that GAP can find its library directories, but also allows for customisation of things like memory allocations. The file is called gap.bat and sits in the bin directory of the GAP distribution, so that in our case it is E:\gap4r6\bin\gap.bat In its first line, set TERMINFO=/cygdrive/c/GAP4R6/terminfo replace '/c/' by '/e/', e.g. set TERMINFO=/cygdrive/e/GAP4R6/terminfo Next, this file should contain the following single line start "GAP" C:\GAP4R6\bin\mintty.exe -s 120,40 /cygdrive/c/gap4r6/bin/gapw95.exe -l /cygdrive/c/GAP4R6 %* in which you should replace 'C:\' by 'E:\' and '/c/' by '/e/', e.g. start "GAP" E:\GAP4R6\bin\mintty.exe -s 120,40 /cygdrive/e/gap4r6/bin/gapw95.exe -l /cygdrive/e/GAP4R6 %* You now should be able to start GAP by clicking this gap.bat file. If you also want to use other shells, you have to edit the gaprxvt.bat and gapcmd.bat files in a similar way to take care of the changed path. Please contact support@gap-system.org if you need further information. The GAP Group, June 2012