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### 2 Methods for matrix groups

#### 2.1 Polycyclic presentations of matrix groups

Groups defined by polycyclic presentations are called PcpGroups in GAP. We refer to the Polycyclic manual [EN00] for further background.

Suppose that a collection X of matrices of GL(d,R) is given, where the ring R is either ℚ,ℤ or a finite field. Let G= ⟨ X ⟩. If the group G is polycyclic, then the following functions determine a PcpGroup isomorphic to G.

##### 2.1-1 PcpGroupByMatGroup
 ‣ PcpGroupByMatGroup( G ) ( operation )

G is a subgroup of GL(d,R) where R=ℚ,ℤ or F_q. If G is polycyclic, then this function determines a PcpGroup isomorphic to G. If G is not polycyclic, then this function returns fail.

##### 2.1-2 IsomorphismPcpGroup
 ‣ IsomorphismPcpGroup( G ) ( method )

G is a subgroup of GL(d,R) where R=ℚ,ℤ or F_q. If G is polycyclic, then this function determines an isomorphism onto a PcpGroup. If G is not polycyclic, then this function returns fail.

Note that the method IsomorphismPcpGroup, installed in this package, cannot be applied directly to a group given by the function AlmostCrystallographicGroup. Please use POL_AlmostCrystallographicGroup (with the same parameters as AlmostCrystallographicGroup) instead.

##### 2.1-3 ImagesRepresentative
 ‣ ImagesRepresentative( map, elm ) ( method )
 ‣ ImageElm( map, elm ) ( method )
 ‣ ImagesSet( map, elms ) ( method )

Here map is an isomorphism from a polycyclic matrix group G onto a PcpGroup H calculated by IsomorphismPcpGroup (2.1-2). These methods can be used to compute with such an isomorphism. If the input elm is an element of G, then the function ImageElm can be used to compute the image of elm under map. If elm is not contained in G then the function ImageElm returns fail. The input pcpelm is an element of H.

##### 2.1-4 IsSolvableGroup
 ‣ IsSolvableGroup( G ) ( method )

G is a subgroup of GL(d,R) where R=ℚ,ℤ or F_q. This function tests if G is solvable and returns true or false.

##### 2.1-5 IsTriangularizableMatGroup
 ‣ IsTriangularizableMatGroup( G ) ( property )

G is a subgroup of GL(d,ℚ). This function tests if G is triangularizable (possibly over a finite field extension) and returns true or false.

##### 2.1-6 IsPolycyclicGroup
 ‣ IsPolycyclicGroup( G ) ( method )

G is a subgroup of GL(d,R) where R=ℚ,ℤ or F_q. This function tests if G is polycyclic and returns true or false.

#### 2.2 Module series

Let G be a finitely generated solvable subgroup of GL(d,ℚ). The vector space ℚ^d is a module for the algebra ℚ[G]. The following functions provide the possibility to compute certain module series of ℚ^d. Recall that the radical Rad_G(ℚ^d) is defined to be the intersection of maximal ℚ[G]-submodules of ℚ^d. Also recall that the radical series

0=R_n < R_{n-1} < \dots < R_1 < R_0=ℚ^d

is defined by R_i+1:= Rad_G(R_i).

 ‣ RadicalSeriesSolvableMatGroup( G ) ( operation )

This function returns a radical series for the ℚ[G]-module ℚ^d, where G is a solvable subgroup of GL(d,ℚ).

A radical series of ℚ^d can be refined to a homogeneous series.

##### 2.2-2 HomogeneousSeriesAbelianMatGroup
 ‣ HomogeneousSeriesAbelianMatGroup( G ) ( function )

A module is said to be homogeneous if it is the direct sum of pairwise irreducible isomorphic submodules. A homogeneous series of a module is a submodule series such that the factors are homogeneous. This function returns a homogeneous series for the ℚ[G]-module ℚ^d, where G is an abelian subgroup of GL(d,ℚ).

##### 2.2-3 HomogeneousSeriesTriangularizableMatGroup
 ‣ HomogeneousSeriesTriangularizableMatGroup( G ) ( function )

A module is said to be homogeneous if it is the direct sum of pairwise irreducible isomorphic submodules. A homogeneous series of a module is a submodule series such that the factors are homogeneous. This function returns a homogeneous series for the ℚ[G]-module ℚ^d, where G is a triangularizable subgroup of GL(d,ℚ).

A homogeneous series can be refined to a composition series.

##### 2.2-4 CompositionSeriesAbelianMatGroup
 ‣ CompositionSeriesAbelianMatGroup( G ) ( function )

A composition series of a module is a submodule series such that the factors are irreducible. This function returns a composition series for the ℚ[G]-module ℚ^d, where G is an abelian subgroup of GL(d,ℚ).

##### 2.2-5 CompositionSeriesTriangularizableMatGroup
 ‣ CompositionSeriesTriangularizableMatGroup( G ) ( function )

A composition series of a module is a submodule series such that the factors are irreducible. This function returns a composition series for the ℚ[G]-module ℚ^d, where G is a triangularizable subgroup of GL(d,ℚ).

#### 2.3 Subgroups

##### 2.3-1 SubgroupsUnipotentByAbelianByFinite
 ‣ SubgroupsUnipotentByAbelianByFinite( G ) ( operation )

G is a subgroup of GL(d,R) where R=ℚ or . If G is polycyclic, then this function returns a record containing two normal subgroups T and U of G. The group T is unipotent-by-abelian (and thus triangularizable) and of finite index in G. The group U is unipotent and is such that T/U is abelian. If G is not polycyclic, then the algorithm returns fail.

#### 2.4 Examples

##### 2.4-1 PolExamples
 ‣ PolExamples( l ) ( function )

Returns some examples for polycyclic rational matrix groups, where l is an integer between 1 and 24. These can be used to test the functions in this package. Some of the properties of the examples are summarised in the following table.

PolExamples      number generators      subgroup of      Hirsch length
1                      3           GL(4,Z)                 6
2                      2           GL(5,Z)                 6
3                      2           GL(4,Q)                 4
4                      2           GL(5,Q)                 6
5                      9          GL(16,Z)                 3
6                      6           GL(4,Z)                 3
7                      6           GL(4,Z)                 3
8                      7           GL(4,Z)                 3
9                      5           GL(4,Q)                 3
10                      4           GL(4,Q)                 3
11                      5           GL(4,Q)                 3
12                      5           GL(4,Q)                 3
13                      5           GL(5,Q)                 4
14                      6           GL(5,Q)                 4
15                      6           GL(5,Q)                 4
16                      5           GL(5,Q)                 4
17                      5           GL(5,Q)                 4
18                      5           GL(5,Q)                 4
19                      5           GL(5,Q)                 4
20                      7          GL(16,Z)                 3
21                      5          GL(16,Q)                 3
22                      4          GL(16,Q)                 3
23                      5          GL(16,Q)                 3
24                      5          GL(16,Q)                 3


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