Lemniscate of Bernoulli

Cartesian equation:
(x² + y²)² = a²(x² - y²)
Polar equation:
r² = a²cos(2)

Click below to see one of the Associated curves.

Definitions of the Associated curves	Evolute
Involute 1	Involute 2
Inverse curve wrt origin	Inverse wrt another circle
Pedal curve wrt origin	Pedal wrt another point
Negative pedal curve wrt origin	Negative pedal wrt another point
Caustic wrt horizontal rays	Caustic curve wrt another point

shaped like a figure 8, or a knot, or the bow of a ribbon

which he called by the Latin word lemniscus ('a pendant ribbon'). Jacob Bernoulli was not aware that the curve he was describing was a special case of a Cassinian Oval which had been described by Cassini in 1680.

The general properties of the lemniscate were discovered by Giovanni Fagnano in 1750. Euler's investigations of the length of arc of the curve (1751) led to later work on elliptic functions.

Inverting the lemniscate in a circle centred at the origin and touching the lemniscate where it crosses the x-axis produces a rectangular hyperbola.

The bipolar equation of the lemniscate is rr' = a²/2.

Other Web site:

Xah Lee

The URL of this page is:
http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Curves/Lemniscate.html